Who discovered the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensate?

Who discovered the phenomenon of superfluidity?

Who discovered the concept of the nuclear shell model?

Who discovered the concept of the photoemission?

Who discovered the phenomenon of superstring theory?

Who discovered the phenomenon of gravitational waves?

Who discovered the phenomenon of dark matter?

Who discovered the phenomenon of piezoelectricity?

Who discovered the phenomenon of cosmic microwave background radiation?

Who discovered the concept of quantum tunneling?