Constitutional theories explain criminality by reference to an offender’s
(a) mental status
(b) socialization
(c) hormone levels
(d) body type
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Criminology
The scientific study of the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality is known as
(a) neoclassicalism
(b) criminal psychosis
(c) somatotyping
(d) criminal anthropology
Which of the following was not an early demonic era explanation of personal deviance?
(a) Free will
(b) Demonic possession
(c) Spiritual influences
(d) Temptation by fallen angels
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________ refers to a traditional body of unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and supported by court decisions.
(a) Natural law
(b) Common law
(c) Natural rights
(d) The Magna Carta
According to Beccaria, the purpose of punishment should be
(a) deterrence.
(b) retribution.
(c) rehabilitation.
(d) incapacitation
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The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an offender will be capable of committing future crimes is known as
(a) deterrence.
(b) retribution.
(c) rehabilitation
(d) incapacitation.
__________is a strategy that mandates a specific and fixed amount of time to be served for each type of offense.
(a) Truth in sentencing
(b) Indeterminate sentencing
(c) Determinate sentencing
(d) Rehabilitative sentencing
In routine activities theory, an individual who effectively discourages crime is known as a
(a) motivated offender.
(b) capable guardian.
(c) defensible victim.
(d) suitable target.
Which of the following explanations of criminal behavior would not be acceptable to a positivist?
(a) Criminal behavior is due to socialization.
(b) Criminal behavior is due to individual choice.
(c) Criminal behavior is due to peer group influences.
(d) Criminal behavior is due to economic conditions.
The Enlightenment led to the development of the School of criminology.
(a) Sociological
(b) Psychological
(c) Classical
(d) Positivist
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